Колективні субʼєкти права: соціальна реальність та/або юридична фікція?

Abstract

Здійснено загальнотеоретичний та філософсько-правовий аналіз онтологічного статусу колективних субʼєктів права з погляду спору про універсалії. Окреслено основні варіанти вирішення цього спору. Закцентовано на питанні представництва колективних інтересів. Наголошено, що певна позиція щодо проблеми універсалій визначає для кожного дослідника (експліцитно чи імпліцитно) відмінні вихідні світогляднометодологічні настанови, зокрема у сфері правознавства і, власне, теорії й філософії прав людини. The theoretical and philosophical and legal analysis of the ontological status of collective subjects of law from the point of view of the millennial dispute about universals is carried out. The main options for resolving this dispute, such as nominalism, realism and conceptualism, are outlined. It is emphasized that a certain position on the problem of universals determines for each researcher (consciously or unknowingly, explicitly or implicitly) different outgoing ideological and methodological guidelines, in particular in the field of law and, in fact, the theory and philosophy of human rights. It is noted that it is exactly from the point of view of the dispute about the universals analysis of the socio-legal nature and the ontological status of collective subjects of law that there is a large, hitherto undiscovered in Ukrainian scientific literature, heuristic potential. This concerns, in particular, the possibility of using the results of such an analysis in the study of approaches to understanding such fundamental categories as «national sovereignty», «general will», «public interest», etc., used in the consideration of national and international judicial bodies of specific legal cases on the protection of constitutional rights of a person. This, in turn, involves mandatory «balancing», «weighing» the rights of an individual, on the one hand, and public interests, on the other hand. It is indicated that taking into account the peculiarities of the social and legal nature of collective subjects of law one of the most important is the problem of representation of collective interests, ontological and legal status of the representative body as a «speaker» of the thoughts and aspirations of the collective. Obviously, from the point of view of constitutional law, this opportunity should be considered in the light issues of representative democracy in general.