Роль церкви та канонічного права у регулюванні опіки в українському феодальному суспільстві (X–XV ст.)

Abstract

Досліджено вплив Церкви та канонічного права на становлення інституту опіки в українському феодальному суспільстві. Проаналізовано джерела канонічного і світського права, які регулювали опікунські відносини, їхній вплив на встановлення опіки представникам різних суспільних верств. Вказано на об’єктивні причини взаємодії світської та релігійної влади щодо встановлення, припинення опіки і нагляду за нею. З’ясовано позитивні сторони втручання Церкви в опікунські процеси. The problem of proper tutelage of orphan worried to a considerable extend any society during all historical development. Ukrainian feudal society also paid attention to the requirements of providing rights of orphans, what were reflected in the legal sources of that time. Taking into consideration imperfection of legal regu-lation of tutorial relations in Ukrainian feudal states (Kyiv Rus, Galych-Volynsk principality, Lithuanian, Rus and Zhemantiysk principality till XVI c.), the church facilitated the organization of tutelage, enforcing canonic law as well as extending Christian moral-ethic doctrine. Researching the influence of the Church and canonic law on the formation of the institution of tutelage in Ukrainian feudal society promotes the better understanding of the whole mechanism of tutelage. The resources of canonic and tem-poral law, which regulated the tutorial relations, their influence on establishing tutelage not only by different social population groups, but also by gender feature are analyzed in the work. The specific examples of establishing the tutelage, where the Church was involved as surveillance institution or the guarantor of the proper fulfillment of tutelage are given. The examples of tutorial relations not under church jurisdiction are also distinguished in the research. The general conformity of the cooperation between temporal and religious power dealing with the establishment, stopping and supervision of the tutelage are indicated as well as the role and power of the church dignitary, who take care of the fulfillment of the tutelage are considered in the article. Also established the origin of the institution of God parents and their jurisdiction concerning the orphans. The objective factors, which characterized the advantages and disadvantages of religious intervention into the process of assurance of tutelage in Ukrainian feudal society (X-XV c.) are determined in the work.