Кримінально-правова охорона в Україні осіб, взятих під захист: автореферат

Abstract

Дисертація охоплює аналіз складів злочинів, передбачених ст.ст. 380, 381 КК України. У роботі запропоновано авторське визначення поняття «забезпечення безпеки учасників кримінального судочинства» та виокремлено їх головні ознаки. Визначено особливості видів заходів безпеки, що застосовуються до осіб, взятих під захист. Проаналізовано норми КК та КПК Франції, США, ФРН, Республіки Білорусь, Латвійської Республіки, Республіки Польщі, Республіки Молдови, Грузії тощо. Охарактеризовано об’єктивні та суб’єктивні ознаки складів злочинів, пов’язаних із забезпеченням безпеки осіб, узятих під захист. Наводяться приклади кваліфікації діянь за сукупністю складів злочинів, а також запропоновано перелік злочинів, які є підставами для реалізації заходів безпеки щодо учасників кримінального судочинства. Проаналізовано особливості покарання за ст. 380 і ст. 381 КК України, а також визначено умови звільнення від кримінальної відповідальності за ст. 380 КК України. The dissertation is the first in Ukraine comprehensive criminal-law research on the security of persons taken under protection, which allowed to obtain scientific results that could be of great importance for the science of criminal law, for the law-enforcement activity of state bodies, as well as for the improvement of domestic legislation in order to approach European and international standards. As a result of the study, the necessity of adopting the Unified State Program for the Protection of Participants in Criminal Proceedings in Ukraine, as well as substantiating the introduction of the relevant amendments to Art. 380 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. One of the problems of the research of this institute is that a number of research and scientific developments have been carried out to improve the protection of participants in criminal justice, but they all relate to the norms of the criminal-procedural legislation of Ukraine; at the same time, there is no one approach to improving the criminal legal protection of persons taken under protection. In the dissertation research the full analysis of the syllables of crimes related to the security of persons taken under protection. According to the results of survey, the following conclusions were made, in particular, the most frequently used security measures in Ukraine are low-cost ones, but such measures are not always effective; security measures are applied informally, but by agreement of heads of units; for the investigated period (2013-2017 and the first half of 2018) there was no prosecution in the city and the region for crimes stipulated in art. Art. 380, 381 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In dissertation research the author's definition of a concept of safety of participants of criminal justice is offered and from this concept their main features are highlighted. For a full and comprehensive study, the features of the types of security measures that were applied to persons taken under protection were considered and identified. Some provisions of the CPC of Ukraine and the Criminal-Executive Code of Ukraine, which regulate the security of participants in criminal justice, are also analyzed. After analyzing the criminal legislation of some states, it was suggested and proved to be necessary to make appropriate changes to the domestic criminal law in the area of ensuring the safety of participants in criminal justice in order to bring it closer to European standards. In particular, to provide conditions for exemption from criminal liability under Art. 380 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine; add to article 380 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine Part 2, in which to indicate that the same acts as provided for in Part 1 of this article, but committed for the purpose of obtaining unlawful benefit; introduce the concept of "immediate security measures" – the security measures that apply to a person within 24 hours; define a complete list of measures that can be applied immediately; To add security measures to all participants in criminal proceedings in the form of moving a person to a safe place, etc. The objects of crimes connected with the security of persons taken under protection are social relations that ensure the normal functioning of the organs of justice and bodies that promote the administration of justice, namely, social relations that arise in the field of ensuring the safety of participants in criminal justice. Since these crimes are committed by a special subject, the concept and characteristics of an official are considered. Service persons who may be subjects of the investigated crimes are the official of the body that decides on the application of security measures or the refusal to apply them; An official is a body that protects a person; a servant of the body, who became aware of the application to the person of security measures in connection with her official position. The investigated crimes are committed with a mixed (complex, with two forms, double, combined) form of guilt. A detailed definition of the subjective part of the syllables of crimes presupposes that the act - intent or carelessness, and to the consequences - only negligence. In the case of a person to the consequences of the consequences - intentionally, then its actions should be qualified for a set of crimes. In determining the qualifications for the investigated crimes, the author gives examples of the qualification of acts in the totality of crimes, and also offers a list of crimes that are adjacent to the crimes provided for in Art. Art. 380, 381 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The issue of complicity in these crimes and the peculiarities of their qualification (deliberate promotion of a crime against a person taken under protection) is considered. The delineation of the acts envisaged in the components of the crimes connected with the security of persons with the composition of crimes, which may serve as grounds for the application of security measures against participants in criminal proceedings (for example, Articles 115, 121, 129, 146, 195, 343, 345, 347, 348, 376, 377, 378, 379, 397, 398, 399, 400 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). When establishing the peculiarities of punishment for crimes related to the security of participants in criminal proceedings, the jurisprudence, types and penalties and certain changes and additions to be made to the domestic criminal law are considered. Also, there are cases in which a person may be subject to disciplinary, administrative or criminal liability. In relation to the proposed part 2 of article 380 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the measure of punishment in the form of imprisonment for a term of 5 to 10 years is grounded with confiscation of property.