Статева недоторканість як об’єкт кримінально- правової охорони в Україні: автореферат

Abstract

Дисертація присвячена кримінально-правовій характеристиці злочинів, що посягають на статеву недоторканість в Україні. Акцентовано на змінах до кримінального законодавства, які стосуються злочинів проти статевої свободи та статевої недоторканості особи та обумовлені підписанням Україною у 2011 році Конвенції Ради Європи про запобігання насильству стосовно жінок і домашньому насильству та боротьбу з цими явищами. У роботі розглянуто механізм спричинення шкоди об’єктові злочину – статевій недоторканості, що може мати такі напрями: 1. Вплив на елементи суспільних відносин, а саме на: а) людину як свого контрагента у суспільних відносинах, причому такий вплив може мати психологічний або фізичний характер; б) будь-які матеріальні речі (предмети) щодо яких існують відносини, при цьому такий вплив може супроводжуватися пошкодженням чи знищенням цього предмета або не супроводжуватися; 2. Розрив соціального зв’язку, тобто злочинець може зруйнувати суспільні відносини шляхом: а) зміни свого соціального статусу, виключаючи себе з переліку учасників суспільних відносин; б) зміни соціального статусу іншого учасника суспільних відносин; в) невиконання покладеного на нього обов’язку. Посягання, які заподіюють (здатні заподіяти) шкоду статевій недоторканості, поділено на дві групи: 1) злочини, в яких статева недоторканість є основним безпосереднім об’єктом посягання, – посягання, передбачені ст.ст. 152, 153, 155, 156 КК України; 2) злочини, в яких статева недоторканість виступає додатковим безпосереднім об’єктом, – посягання, передбачені чч. 2, 3 ст. 149, ч. 4 ст. 301, ч. 3 ст. 302, чч. 3, 4 ст. 303 КК України.The thesis is devoted to criminal-law description of crimes that encroach on sexual integrity in Ukraine. As a result of consideration of general principles of investigation of sexual integrity of a person as an object of criminal-law protection, it is concluded that the criminal-law norms aimed at the protection of the child’s (the concept combining minors / children under 18 years old and young children / children under 14 years old) sexual integrity are the norms provided for by Part 2 and Part 3 of Article 149, Part 3 and Part 4 of Article 152, Part 2 and Part 3 of Article 153, Article 155, Article 156, Part 4 of Article 301, Part 3 of Article 302, Part 3 and Part 4 of Article 303 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. A sufficiently detailed elaboration of criminological problems of the fight against sexual crime deserves particular attention. The conducted historical and legal research gives grounds for the assertion that the problem of historiography of normative regulation of encroachments on sexual integrity of a person is also connected with the vague understanding of the meaning of the concept of «sexual integrity» and a blurred list of encroachments on this object of criminal-law protection. Modern understanding of the difference between sexual freedom and sexual integrity originates from the XVIII–XIX centuries. It was in the XIX century that the foundations of special criminal-law protection of the person’s sexual integrity were laid. The reasons, for which the person was sexually intact, were called almost the same way as nowadays: age and «ignorance.» Soviet criminal legislation has laid the foundations for traditional understanding of crimes against sexual integrity of a person that, actually, constitute the prototype of the current criminal-law regulation of the corresponding encroachments. The legal system of Ukraine expects new changes in the criminal legislation that will deal with crimes against sexual freedom and sexual integrity of a person and will be connected with the signing by Ukraine of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence and the fight against these phenomena in 2011. As a result of consideration of the problems of understanding of sexual integrity as an object of criminal-law protection, the thesis supports the position expressed in the literature that it is social relations as an all-encompassing social substance that make it possible to establish the mechanism of criminal encroachment, internal or external defects of established connections, rights and duties of the subjects of such relations. Alongside, it should be kept in mind that persons, who for various reasons are in helpless state, also have no ability to express their sexual freedom. In this respect, there is practically no difference between them and mentally ill people or young children – either they are not able to understand the meaning and significance of the actions that are taken concerning them (mental helplessness), or they cannot manage their actions (physical helplessness). According to the supported structure of the victim of crimes that encroach on sexual integrity of a person, the victim can be characterized as follows: it is an individual who for certain reasons (age, illness, helpless state) is deprived of the ability to make a conscious decision regarding his/her sexual self-determination (to give consent to sexual intercourse) and is therefore endowed with sexual integrity as an absolute relation between him/her and all the others. The paper considers the mechanism of causing harm to the object of crime – sexual integrity, which may have the following directions: 1. Influence on the elements of a social relationship. A criminal can directly influence: a) a person as his/her counterparty in a social relationship, and such influence may be psychological or physical; b) any material things (objects), that are subject-matter in this relationship, and this influence may be accompanied by damage or destruction of this object or may be not accompanied. 2. The breach of social connection. A criminal can ruin a social relationship: a) by changing his/her social status, excluding himself/herself from among the members of a social relationship; b) by changing the social status of another participant in a social relationship; c) by not fulfilling his/her obligation. The coverage of the criminal-law nature of the encroachments on a person’s sexual integrity made it possible to conclude that the classification of the relevant crimes according to the criterion of the place of sexual integrity in the structure of the direct object of the crime has further criminal-law significance for the full criminal-law characteristic of encroachments on sexual integrity of a person. According to this criterion, all encroachments that cause (can cause) harm to sexual integrity can be divided into two groups: 1) crimes where sexual integrity is the main direct object of the crime – the encroachments provided for by Article 152, Article 153, Article 155, Article 156 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and 2) crimes where sexual integrity is the additional direct object – the encroachments envisaged by Part 2 and Part 3 of Article 149, Part 4 of Article 301, Part 3 of Article 302, Part 3 and Part 4 of Article 303 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.