Філософія як важливий чинник теоретичного обґрунтування сталінського тоталітарного режиму в 20–40 рр. ХХ ст. в СРСР (історико-філософський аспект)

Abstract

Досліджено роль і місце філософії як важливого чинника обґрунтування сталінського тоталітарного режиму в СРСР. Розкрито особливості теоретичної та практичної діяльності Й. Сталіна, який зосереджувався на політичній боротьбі завоювання влади і створення власного культу. Розглянуто важливі аспекти тоталітарної ідеології та філософії, які були під контролем і керівництвом вождя та започаткували сталінізацію радянської філософії, котра поступово перетворювалася в знаряддя політики партії більшовиків. Продемонстровано готовність нової філософії прославляти і популяризувати «геніальну» діяльність Сталіна, спрямовану на зміцнення створеного ним тоталітарного режиму. Констатовано, що вона постійно знаходилася під пильною увагою вищого партійного керівництва на чолі зі Сталіним, стаючи знаряддям більшовицької партії, теоретично захищаючи сталінський тоталітарний режим. In Stalinʼs practical and theoretical work, a special attention was paid to the ideology, where philosophy occupied an important place. After the October Revolution, the old, so-called idealistic philosophy, was criticized by the new Bolshevik ideologies headed by V. Lenin and was eliminated, and the most well-known and talented philosophers were forcedly expelled from the USSR abroad. After Leninʼs death, Stalin headed the party and the state, gradually concentrating absolute power. In 20s-30s of the 20th century, a new «Stalinist tribe», the young philosophers, emerged in the politico-ideological arena of the USSR. Their activities were directed and controlled personally by Stalin. He skillfully put forward to high posts young members of the party, gradually reducing all his opponents and objectors. The leader set the task before the young philosophers to introduce an active advance on the so-called bourgeois philosophy, to decisively expose the hostile, anti-party, anti-Soviet, philosophical, political and ideological concepts of the enemies of the people, opponents of the Stalinist program of building socialism. The leader resolutely started creating a halo of an outstanding philosopher, and for this purpose he needed to form his «philosophical school» as an important basis for the theoretical justification of the totalitarian-political regime of the USSR. Thus, Stalinʼs philosophy, which is officially called Marxist-Leninist philosophy, gained the right for existence. Soviet philosophy first of all had to substantiate theoretically the need to fight the enemies of the people in order to strengthen the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat, to actively fight the bourgeois ideology and philosophy, to be a reliable instrument of the party in solving the problems of building socialism. Any in-depth analysis of philosophical problems was considered to be formalism and ignoring of the principle of party spirit, however a senseless set of standard slogans from the newspapers and genius ideas of the «father of all peoples» were considered to be the highest manifestation of philosophical wisdom. The study of theoretical problems of the development of society, human rights and public relations, ethics, moral values, were thought to be apolitical, hostile, anti-scientific, acting as a counterpart to the partisanship of philosophy. The philosophy becomes practically an instrument of the party policy and ideology, theoretically defending Stalinʼs totalitarian regime. The struggle on the philosophical fighting line eventually led to tragic consequences, having affected lives of many representatives of science and culture. In place of the exterminated philosophers who did not understand the genial aspirations and thoughts of the leader, the wheel of philosophy was taken by the person who were neither able to form new interesting ideas, not introduced anything new and progressive into Soviet philosophy.