Економічна ефективність вищої освіти в Україні

Abstract

Серед досліджень, присвячених методам аналізу економічної ефективності у вищій освіті виділяють три основні напрями: аналіз витрат, аналіз результатів, аналіз втрат. З урахуванням комплексного характеру категорії економічної ефективності та різні рівні ефективності функціонування закладу вищої освіти (ЗВО) запропоновано аналізувати ефективність вищої освіти за критеріями економності, продуктивності, результативності та втрат. Здійснено оцінку конкурентних позицій 15 країн світу за критерієм економічної ефективності вищої освіти на макрорівні. За проведеними розрахунками Україна відстає від розвинутих країн у десятки разів щодо ефективності витрат на освіту. На основі узагальнення міжнародного та національного досвіду з питань економічної аналітики у вищій освіті визначено основні напрями інституційного аналізу конкурентоспроможності вищої освіти за критерієм економічної ефективності. In the article the definition of economic efficiency in higher education is considered as the ratio of economic results of the functioning of the higher education system to its tangible and intangible assets / human potential or the costs of their implementation. Three main areas are distinguished among the studies devoted to methods of analyzing economic efficiency in higher education: cost analysis, analysis of results, and loss analysis. On the basis of the comparison of the discount cash flow received from higher wages of qualified staff (with higher education), and the average cost of its acquisition, the authors assessed the competitive positions of 15 countries of the world on the criterion of economic efficiency of the higher education system at the macro level. According to the calculations, Ukraine lags tens of times in the cost efficiency of education from the developed countries. Among the factors of low cost efficiency of Ukrainian higher education are much lower than in other countries difference in the payment of skilled and unskilled labor, as well as high level of discount rate, which negatively affects the cost efficiency of education. It is established that in the analysis of economic efficiency of higher education it is important to consider next factors: the influence of internal and external factors that increase or weaken the economic benefits of higher education; the availability of indirect material and intangible benefits from the higher education system, different levels of cost and benefit assessment of investments in the higher education institution, as well as the interests of different groups of stakeholders of higher education. On the basis of the analysis of existing approaches to the assessment of the efficiency of higher education, the methodological bases for the effectiveness evaluation of the higher education system functioning in Ukraine are formulated. Taking into account the complex nature of the category of economic efficiency and the different levels of efficiency of the higher education system functioning, it is proposed to analyze the effectiveness of the higher education on the criteria of economy, productivity, performance and losses. The indicators of the potential loss of the higher education system on the macro level as a result of the decrease in the efficiency of functioning have been determined. The results of the human capital losses from unemployment of general education, professional and higher education graduates related to the average annual expenses for their preparation are shown. Based on the generalization of international and national experience in the field of economic analytics in higher education, the main directions of institutional analysis of the higher education competitiveness on the criterion of economic efficiency are determined