Порівняльний аналіз повноважень сторін обвинувачення та захисту в кримінальному процесі

Abstract

Досліджено питання та проблемні аспекти втілення в життя засади змагальності сторін та свободи в поданні ними суду своїх доказів і в доведенні перед судом їхньої переконливості, яка має бути гарантією прав особи, залученої в сферу кримінального судочинства. Продемонстровано закріплення Конституцією України та Кримінальним процесуальним кодексом України загальновизнаних положень міжнародного права. Розглянуто засаду змагальності в кримінальному судочинстві та укріплення засад диспозитивності, поваги, честі і гідності особистості, які змушують по-новому трактувати реалізацію забезпечення рівноправності сторін у кримінальному процесі в світлі реформування кримінального процесуального законодавства. In criminal proceedings the prosecution and the party of defence are allocated. Both sides are endowed with equal rights to claim challenges and petitions, to give evidences, to take participation in their study and in proving their credibility, to perform in the court debates, to appeal against procedural court decisions. Implementation of the listed procedural rights by the parties makes it possible to successfully carry out an inherent procedural function on competitive basis. The construction of criminal proceedings on competitive basis with the definition of the parties of the proceedings, provision of them with equal procedural rights, especially with the freedom of representation to the court of their evidences and proving their credibility to it, inevitably led to the expansion of its dispositiveness principle action of the criminal proceedings driving force by the principles of publicity (formality or statehood). The parties of the litigation (the proceeding participants from both parties) freely dispose of their substantive and procedural rights, whose implementation in order to protect their rights and interests protected by law has a direct impact on the origin, dynamics or the end of the proceedings. In such a way, traditionally, despite some modifications, this basis (principle) in the civil procedural doctrine is determined. According to the Part 2 of the Article 22 of the CPC of Ukraine, the competitive construction of criminal proceedings provides the parties with equal rights to collect and present evidences to the court. In practice, however it seems that the party of defence will not be in equal terms with the party of prosecution. However, if we consider the criminal proceedings in our country, the dominant role still belongs to the party of prosecution. The party of defence is weaker not only because of its incomparably narrower authorities, but of lack of adequate guarantees of these authorities. A direct dependence of the party of defence on the decision of the party of prosecution on the feasibility of certain procedural actions and a clear mismatching of periods of responses of legal authority to an appeal of two parties in solving identical problems in the course of the preliminary investigation indicates a lack of equality of the parties and a lack of procedural security of the competitiveness in criminal proceedings.