Форма висновку експерта у польському кримінальному процесі

Abstract

Присвячено узагальненню та систематизації даних щодо форми висновку експерта як джерела доказів у польському кримінальному процесі. Вказано, що, згідно зі ст. 200 КПК Польщі, форма цього джерела доказів може бути усна або письмова. Зʼясовано, що у фаховій польській літературі можна також знайти пропозиції впровадження інноваційної мультимедійної форми висновку експерта. Викладено зміст та особливості кожної з форм висновку експерта. The purpose of this article is to summarize information about the forms of an expertʼs opinion as a source of evidence in the Polish criminal process. This research allows to compare legislation and science in Ukraine and Poland in the field of development and effective usage of forensic methods in crime investigation. Thus it becomes possible to prepare a profound background for forensic science reform in our country. According to the art. 200 of the Polish Criminal Procedural Code, the form of an expertʼs opinion has the following types: a written opinion and a nuncupative opinion. In addition, in the scholarly literature there is a discussion about the third type – a multimedia opinion. The written expertʼs opinion is the written document, which comprises wellestablished parts provided by the Polish law and which presents methods and results of the forensic examinations in criminal trials. Special attention is drawn to the fact that, for the most part, the structure and content of this opinion form correspond to the Ukrainian analogue. The nuncupative expertʼs opinion is the form of conclusions, where the expert orally gives his professional estimation of facts, phenomena, other issues important for criminal proceedings to the investigator or in the courtroom, or adds supplements to the previously provided information about the process and the results of the exploration. In the Ukrainian criminal proceedings this form of conclusions does not exist as a source of evidence. At the same time, in Ukraine, an expert can also be interrogated, but the source of evidence in this case will be the expertʼs testimony. In the future attention to the multimedia form of expert opinion will increase. The development of innovative technologies, the benefits of visual presentation of methods and the results of the forensic testing will replace verbal descriptions that are lengthy and difficult for understanding. It will be one of the most important parts of the digital criminal justice age.