Бідність в Україні: методи її оцінки та шляхи подолання

Abstract

За допомогою методів системного та критичного аналізу розглянуто основні підходи до трактування поняття «бідність» та подано власне узагальнююче тлумачення цієї категорії. Виокремлено три групи причин виникнення бідності, розраховано і проаналізовано окремі індикатори соціальної безпеки у порівнянні з їх пороговими значеннями. На підставі узагальнюючих статистичних даних розглянуто в динаміці основні показники доходів населення, величину прожиткового мінімуму, мінімальний розмір оплати праці та пенсії, проведено оцінку бідності в Україні. Сформовано власні висновки та запропоновано ключові шляхи подолання бідності в Україні. Using the methods of systematic and critical analysis, the basic approaches to the interpretation of the concept of «poverty» are considered and a generalized interpretation of this category is presented. Three groups of causes of poverty were identifed, and individual social security indicators were calculated and analyzed against their thresholds. On the basis of generalizing statistical data, the main indicators of population incomes, the value of the subsistence minimum, the minimum wage and pension, and poverty estimation in Ukraine are considered. It draws its own conclusions and suggests key ways to tackle poverty in Ukraine. At the present stage, the world economic system has undergone a qualitative change. At the same time, new global difculties have emerged, but the problem of poverty among them remains unchanged. According to the World Bank’s methodology, the poverty line of human daily living at $ 1.90 per person per day. According to a 2018 report of this international organization, 10% of humanity, that is more than 770 million people are living in extreme poverty nowadays. The issue of combating poverty is also very essential for Ukraine. According to international statistics, Ukraine is one of the poorest countries in Europe in terms of GDP per capita. According to IMF estimates, it ranks the 131st place in the world with an indication of $ 2963 of GDP per person. To compare, the GDP per each citizen of Germany and Poland is $ 48,264 and $ 15,430, respectively, which is 16.3 and 5.2 times higher than our fgures. That is why, the issue of poverty and living standards of our population is very relevant. The purpose of the article is to summarize scientifc views on the concept of “poverty”, a thorough study of the main approaches to poverty assessment, the analysis of the main manifestations, scales and dynamics of poverty indicators, identifying ways of overcoming poverty. To reduce poverty, a systematic state policy aimed at stimulating economic development, expanding employment, increasing social standards, and carrying out effective reforms is needed. Among the key areas for poverty reduction in Ukraine are the following: economic growth; creation of working places; increase in wages and pensions; approximation of the ofcial subsistence level to its actual value; State aid to the poor; wide international support.