Стадії вчинення злочину за кримінальним правом України та Республіки Польща: порівняльно-правове дослідження: автореферат

Abstract

Дисертація є комплексним порівняльно-правовим дослідженням інституту стадій вчинення злочину за кримінальним правом України та Республіки Польща. У межах історико-правового вивчення становлення та розвитку інституту стадій вчинення злочину в кримінальному праві та законодавстві України та Республіки Польща окреслено суттєві відмінності цього інституту. На основі теоретичних та законодавчих положень кримінального права України та Республіки Польща розкрито ознаки та види стадій готування до злочину та замаху на злочин. Акцентовано на понятті непридатного замаху на злочин («usilowanie nieudolne»), який закріплений на законодавчому рівні у Республіці Польща. Здійснено порівняльно-правовий аналіз закінченого злочину в кримінальному праві України та Республіки Польща. У рамках порівняльного аналізу виявлено недосконалість чинних норм КК України про відповідальність за готування до вчинення злочину. Обґрунтовано недоцільність призначати покарання у виді довічного позбавлення волі за незакінчені злочини у випадках, визначених у ч. 4 ст. 68 КК України. The dissertation is a comprehensive comparative law research of the institute of degrees in the commission of crime against the criminal law of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland. It was noted that despite the law experts’ substantial interest in studying the institute of degrees in the commission of crime, at present in the science of criminal law of Ukraine, there is no comprehensive comparative legal research of degrees in the commission of crime, and there are many unsolved and argumentative issues. The main theoretical issues of degree in the commission of crime in the criminal law of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland are analyzeв in the paper. The historical and legal research of forming and developing the institute of degrees in the commission of crime against the criminal law of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland permits to determine the significant differences of this institution. The comparative research showed the differences in the structural placing of standards on the degrees of the commission of a crime in the legislation of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland. Based on the analyzed approaches to defining the concept of degrees in the criminal law of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland, the definition of degree in the commission of crime is formulated. Based on the theoretical and legislative provisions of the criminal law of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland, the signs and types of the degree of attempted crime are disclosed. In accordance with the criminal law of the Republic of Poland, the degree of preparation has certain expression forms, namely, the forms of «completed» preparation, «selective» preparation, «clarification», «replacement» and hidden types of preparation («crypto preparation»). Most of these preparation types are known to the doctrine of criminal law of Ukraine. In particular, hidden types of preparation are inchoate crimes enshrined in the Criminal Code of Ukraine. A comparative law research of the degree of preparation of crime, signs, and types of preparation is made. The positions of Polish and Ukrainian scientists regarding the division of the completed and uncompleted assassination are analyzed. Inadvisability of this division has been established, in consideration of judicial practice in criminal proceedings relating to attempted crime. The particular attention is paid to the concept of unsuitable attempted crime of «usilowanienieudolne» enshrined in law in the Republic of Poland. According to the Criminal Code of the Republic of Poland, when imposing a sentence, in consideration of this type of attempted act, the court may commute the sentence or refuse to impose the sentence at all. The law provisions and the Polish scholars’ positions are analyzed regarding the legal concept and signs of inchoate attempt. The criteria are defined to distinguish a completed and inchoate attempt, and inadvisability of determining an inchoate attempt in domestic law is satisfied. A comparative law research of a completed crime in the criminal law of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland is carried out. The classification of crimes in the criminal law and the legislation of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland are investigated. The author's own position on the possibility or impossibility of distinguishing the degrees of a crime in the encroachments which have the discussions on this issue (crimes with double criminal responsibility, ongoing, inchoate, momentary, «two-stage», committed in case of exceeding limits of justifiable defense or exceeding the measures necessary to the detention of criminal in a state of extreme emotional disturbance). A comparative law research showed the imperfection of the operative rules of the Criminal Code of Ukraine on responsibility for preparing for the commission of a crime. The criteria should be important to determine criminal responsibility for preparing the commission of a crime. It is proposed to hold responsibility for preparing serious, exceptionally aggravated crime, with consideration defined within courtroom examination to the list of the most dangerous offences on life and human liberties, regardless of special class of victims, dangerous crime against peace, human security and international legality, and those, the preparations for which, are frequently found in law enforcement (smuggling, individual trespass to a person, seizure of special items). It is proposed to change the wording of Art. 14 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, including the proposed changes. It was noted that the assignment of punishment in terms of life imprisonment for inchoate crimes against the foundations of national security, Art. 109–114-1, as well as crimes against peace, human security, and international legality, provided by Art. 437–439, paragraph 1 of Art. 442 and 443 of the Criminal Code, it seems contrary to the general principles of sentencing (Art. 65-67), the sentence of life imprisonment (Art. 64), therefore, is inappropriate. Based on these findings, it is proposed to amend the criminal law.