Договір міжнародного перевезення вантажів автомобільним транспортом: дисертація

Abstract

Дисертація присвячена дослідженню правової природи договору міжнародного перевезення вантажів автомобільним транспортом. У роботі проаналізовано джерела правового регулювання договору міжнародного перевезення вантажів автомобільним транспортом, визначено його поняття та виокремлено ознаки даного договору. Виділено й досліджено істотні умови договору міжнародного перевезення вантажів автомобільним транспортом. У зв'язку із цим запропоновано авторське визначення договору міжнародного перевезення вантажів автомобільним транспортом. Проведено аналіз видів договорів міжнародного перевезення вантажів автомобільним транспортом і відповідальності сторін за невиконання чи неналежне виконання договору міжнародного перевезення вантажів автомобільним транспортом. Особливу увагу приділено проблемам укладення й виконання договорів міжнародного перевезення небезпечних вантажів та швидкопсувних харчових продуктів автомобільним транспортом, а також колізійного регулювання у сфері міжнародних перевезень вантажів автомобільним транспортом. На основі проведеного дослідження обґрунтовано висновки і пропозиції щодо удосконалення чинного законодавства України у сфері правового регулювання договірних відносин міжнародного перевезення вантажів автомобільним транспортом. The dissertation deals with the investigation of the legal nature of the contract for the international carriage of goods by road. The sources of legal regulation of the contract for the international carriage of goods by road are analyzed, its concept is defined. The contract for the international carriage of goods by road is regarded as an agreement according to which a business entity (a carrier) is obliged for a fixed payment and in the established terms specified in the contract to provide services as to the carriage of goods entrusted to him by the consignor to the place of destination, by crossing the customs border of at least one state, and give it to the authorized person (a consignee). Based on the legal nature of the contract for the international carriage of goods by road, the following characteristic features of it are highlighted by the author: it is bilateral (in some cases, it may be made in favour of third parties); consensual; compensatory; terminal; it is characterized by special subjects, namely "a carrier" — a business entity that is licensed to provide such services; it can be characterized as an accession agreement if the provision of such services is the main economic activity for a carrier. The offer and acceptance as stages of entering into the contract for the international carriage of goods by road are analysed. It is suggested to consider the offer as an application form filled by the consignor for the carriage of goods by road in the international connection. As to the validity of the offer, the possibility of its revocation and entry into legal force the Right of the State chosen by parties will be applied. If the Right has not been chosen by parties or it is contrary to the public policy of the state, in this case the Right of the State of the carrier is applicable. It is concluded that the following things should be included into the essential conditions of the contract for the international carriage of goods by road: the object; the term; the place of acceptance and delivery of goods; rights and obligations of the parties; the price, which is manifested in the charges relating to the carriage of goods by road and other supplementary charges. The subject of the carriage is the service of the international carriage of goods. The analysis of certain types of contracts for the international carriage of goods by road is made and the responsibility of the parties for non- or improper fulfillment of the contract for the international carriage of goods by road is defined. The suggested classification of contracts for the international carriage of goods by road is based on the following criteria: 1) the object of the contract: the carriage of perishable foodstuffs; the carriage of dangerous and bulky goods; heavy objects; the carriage of animals, etc.; 2) the term of the contract: short-term and long-term contracts for the international carriage of goods by road; 3) the vehicles which can be used for the carriage of goods: the contract for the carriage of goods involving only certain modes of road transport; the contract for the carriage of goods except for involving road transport and some other modes of transport. The conclusion is made that the grounds for the termination of the contract for the international carriage of goods by road are the following: the proper fulfillment of the contract by the parties; the inability to fulfill the contract due to the circumstance for which neither party is responsible; the termination of the contract due to an essential breach of the contract or a significant change of circumstances. A special attention is paid to the problems of entering into the contracts and their fulfillment for the international carriage of dangerous goods and perishable foodstuffs by road as well as a choice-of-law rules regulation in the sphere of the international carriage of goods by road. On the basis of analysis of the international contracts a number of choice-of-law rules has been highlighted which are applied to the international carriage of goods by road in certain cases: "lex fori" — to the question of the termination and interruption of the statute of limitations; "lex loci CMR" — to claims and disputes concerning the drawing up of this consignment note; "lex loci destinationis" — to the procedure of issuance of delivered goods to the consignee and making up the act of shortage; "lex loci accidente" — to the establishment of the right applied to the consequences of such an accident. On the basis of the carried out research findings are proved and suggestions for the improvement of the current legislation of Ukraine in the sphere of legal regulation of contractual relations of internati onal carriage of goods are made.