Цивільний позов у кримінальному процесі: доцільність та необхідність

Abstract

З’ясовано доцільність і необхідність поєднання норм двох галузей права (цивільного судочинства та кримінального процесу) в кримінальному провадженні, з огляду на захист особи, суспільства й держави від кримінальних правопорушень, охорону прав, свобод і законних інтересів учасників кримінального провадження. Наголошено, що захист порушених злочином майнових прав суб’єктів у кримінальному процесі в формі підтримки цивільного позову – це окремий напрям діяльності, що має всі властивості кримінальнопроцесуальної функції. two branches of law (civil justice and criminal procedure) in criminal proceedings in view of protecting a person, society and the state from criminal offenses, protecting the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of participants in criminal proceedings. It is emphasized that the protection of property rights of subjects in a criminal procedure in the form of support for a civil claim is a separate area of activity that has all the qualities of the criminal and procedural function: it has its specific task, procedural forms (methods), procedural means, with the help of which is solved. The basic provisions of a civil claim in a criminal procedure are formulated as follows: 1) a civil action, being a universal legal remedy for the protection of property rights and non-property rights of victims, is the main type of litigation in the criminal procedure; 2) a civil action in a criminal procedure has a double legal nature (material and procedural). From the point of view of procedural law, it is a criminal and procedural and as a component of the institute of the claim as a whole contains its elements, taking into account the requirements of the criminal procedure. From the point of view of material law, a civil action may be based on the norms of civil, tax, budgetary, labor and other material legislation, violation of which, by committing a crime, caused harm to a person; 3) a civil action in the criminal procedure must be filed in a written form, and the requirements for its content must be reflected in the rules of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Regardless of the time of presentation, the claim must be addressed to the court; 4) the determination of the amount of compansation by the court for moral damage caused by a crime should not have the form of legislative fixing of specific money amounts or their maximum ceilings, awarded as compensation for certain types of crimes or for certain damage caused by a crime, and should not be carried out with the help of determining the amount of compensation by one or another method. At the same time, the decision on the amount of compensation for nonpecuniary damage should be made by the court, taking into account the requirement of fairness and proportionality, and the circumstances which should form the basis of a judicial act on this issue should be clearly defined in the law and explicitly interpreted in the resolutions of the Plenary Session of the Supreme Court of Ukraine; 5) it is also necessary to amend the articles of the CPC of Ukraine regarding the distribution of procedural expenses; 6) any crime as an unlawful act, which has a particularly significant negative effect on a person, society and the state, may be punishable by a penalty from the offender for compensation for the non-pecuniary damage caused by a specific act. In case of adoption of this provision, it is inappropriate to fix the principle of «presumption of non-pecuniary damage» in the criminal procedure; 7) application of the norms of civil procedural legislation in criminal proceedings to be admissible, if they do not contradict the principles of the criminal procedure, and the rules necessary for the civil preceedings are not provided in the criminal and procedural legislature; 8) it is expedient to extend the list of measures for securing a civil claim in a criminal procedure by making a pledge, prohibition to the accused (civil defendant) to carry out certain actions, as well as other measures to secure a claim, the rejection of which may complicate or make it impossible to enforce a court decision. The right to take a decision on taking measures of protection on its own initiative should be given to the inquiry authorities, the investigator and the prosecutor; 9) legally recognize the right of a civil plaintiff to increase or decrease the claims, as well as legitimize the right of the civil plaintiff, the accused (suspect, defendant, civil defendant) to conclude a settlement agreement on civil legal action. It is concluded that with the main functions (prosecution, defense and decision of the case), the criminal procedure has the function of supporting a civil action, as a form of protection of victim’s property rights.